Class student dicussions answers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Class student dicussions answers - Assignment Example Pavitor, you could have added a definition and elaborated a bit more of asymmetric cryptography in order to make it easier to differentiate the two concepts. I agree with you Jusin G that symmetric key distribution can pose to bring lots of insecure communication or message interception between the involved organizations. Asymmetric cryptography is also known as public key cryptography. It makes use of two keys, a private key to decrypt messages and a public key to encrypt messages. I agree with you Jusin G that the asymmetric cryptography can be adopted by two organizations which want to send sensitive messages more securely. This is because; the asymmetric cryptography avoids the drawback of exchanging the key by distribution of the public key in a non-secure mechanism while at the same time, the private key is not transmitted. Thanks Pavitor For the good analysis of the different technologies. But I rather disagree with you that WEP is secure. Let me say that WEP is an older technology in wireless networks. This makes it easily hacked and cannot guarantee security within one’s business premise. You gave the advantage that users shun the network ones it prompts for wireless security key, this is not always the case but depends on an individual’s motif. User may be determined to think of more other ways of getting into the network. I agree with you about interoperability, it is a great feature provided by the WEP. WPA and WPA2 form part of the recommended solutions to WEP security issues. I agree with you that the stronger encryption and the use of Temporary Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) which changes dynamically offers more secure means of passing data across a wireless network than WEP. Also to note is that WPA2 was as a result of implementation of 802.11i. Good analysis of the encryption for wireless networks you Pavitor. I disagree with you Jusin G

The power of psychological time in poetry Essay Example for Free

The power of psychological time in poetry Essay Poetry is always connected to various time representations. Poets replace real time with different psychological visions and ideas of past or future events. We frequently find ourselves in a situation, when we cannot completely understand the time implications of a specific poem. Thomas Hardy and T. S. Eliot were well known for their poetic skills in representing various dimensions of time. In their works, time has become a symbol, and their â€Å"instinctive mode as writers was figurative, not analytic; their most habitual method was symbolism, not argument. † In Hardy’s â€Å"Wessex Heights†, and Eliot’s â€Å"Rhapsody on a Windy Night†, time acquires new meaning. It is no longer the clock measurement of our actions; it is a psychological dimension which creates the virtual space in which we live. Our memories signify the power of psychological time; in their poems, Eliot and Hardy underline the significance and power of psychological time and oppose it to the clock or seasonal time, under the impact of which we traditionally live. â€Å"Wessex Heights† and Hardy’s meaning of psychological time Hardy’s â€Å"Wessex Heights† is invariably linked to the way Hardy interprets the meaning of philosophical and psychological notions of time and space. Evidently, temporal subject is central to â€Å"Wessex Heights†, and the poet creates a conjunction of numerous elements, which ultimately form what we call â€Å"psychological time†. There are some heights in Wessex, shaped as if by a kindly hand For thinking, dreaming, dying on, and at crises when I stand, Say, on Ingpen Beacon eastward, or on Wylls-Neck westwardly, I seem where I was before my birth, and after death may be. (Hardy 1989, 23). This trope becomes the beginning of a reader’s journey to Hardy’s representation of psychological time and the continuity of human emotions. It is not surprising that the poet uses the exact geographical names, and seems to determine the exact geographical location for the reader. This â€Å"geographical† character of the poem is initially deceptive. Moreover, Hardy uses these names to oppose the reality to psychology of time, and geography serves the instrument of such opposition. â€Å"It is not surprising that â€Å"Wessex Heights† uses the title of a specific locality only to emphasise dislocation, moving the speaker in and out of abstracted spaces that have, as it turns out, little connection to physical place. † The first stanza actually becomes the start of the reader’s journey into the depth of Hardy’s psychological time. The dislocation, about which Richards writes, is one of the most prominent characteristics to emphasise the power of psychological time, which makes memories and feelings eternal. The first stanza smoothly moves the reader into the clearer representations of the psychological time. It seems that the poet was preparing us to what we would later see after we move to virtual lowlands: â€Å"Down there I seem to be false to myself, my simple self that was, / And is not now, and I see him watching, wondering what crass cause / Can have merged him into such a strange continuator s this†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The reader seems to appear in the center of an action, where the past plays with the present, and where one sees one’s self as a separate being. Hardy evidently opposes reality of time to its psychology, underlining the effects which psychological time may cause on a person. In order to strengthen the effect, Hardy presents the second stanza in a more structured metrical form than the first one. As a result, â€Å"the past self, the chrysalis, encloses the present subject in the same paradoxical way that rhyme enfolds Hardy’s chaotic language, so that these structures play against other as the poem progresses. † Hardy uses the notion of locality, and exact geographical names to emphasise the mixture of the geographical and the aesthetical. In his work, geography loses its meaning when the poet speaks about ghosts in the third stanza: â€Å"There is a ghost at Yell’ham Bottom chiding loud at the fall of the night. † The ghosts represent the circulation of the psychological time. In distinction from the real clock or seasonal time, in psychological time a person has an opportunity to return to the past memories. In this aspect psychological time is evidently stronger than the real one. As the reader retreats from these ghosts in the first stanza, he meets them again in the third passage; â€Å"the conventional ghosts of the lowlands repeat their presence in a form that revises their past forms. This repetition constitutes human temporality in a particular way: time is movement toward a future which will be, but never yet is, the perfected assumption of the past. † The psychological time, in which the reader appears when reading â€Å"Wessex Heights† creates favourable conditions for separating the self and analyzing it through the prism of the past events. In Hardy’s vision, this separation and the absence of a psychological line between the past and the present creates an incredible emotional atmosphere, in which any person can find a key to oneself. â€Å"Rhapsody on a Windy Night†: Eliot and Bergson The first impression from reading Eliot’s â€Å"Rhapsody on a Windy Night† is in that the poet creates a kind of â€Å"coherent imaginative vision of time. † Eliot has brilliantly incorporated Bergson’s understanding of time into his poetic work . As with Hardy’s â€Å"Wessex Heights†, Eliot underlines the impossibility to measure time in traditional clock or seasonal terms. The poet clearly keeps to the idea of time being more psychological than seasonal. As a result, the reader acquires additional opportunities to return to the past, and to analyze the future actions through the prism of the past events. The major difference between â€Å"Wessex Heights† and â€Å"Rhapsody on a Windy Night† is in that Hardy creates a vision of unlimited time through the use of geographical names and localities. In his turn, Eliot emphasises the opposition between the clock time and psychological time. His poem takes the reader away from traditional clock measurements which do not give any space for the analysis of the self and the continuity of time: Twelve o’clock. Along the reaches of the street Held in a lunar synthesis, Whispering lunar incantations Dissolve the floors of memory And all its clear relations Its divisions and precisions, Every street lamp that I pass Beats like a fatalistic drum†¦ (Eliot 1991, 16) Eliot starts each stanza in a similar way: the passing of the clock time symbolises its irrelevance and insignificance towards the relations, divisions, and precisions of the psychological time. It is not a secret, that Eliot’s creative work was dramatically influenced by the works of Henri Bergson in terms of time concept. In his works, Bergson distinguished the two different types of time: real and mathematical. In Bergson’s view, real time was indivisible and continuous, while mathematical time could be measured. In Eliot’s poem, the reader faces the challenge of distinguishing real time from mathematical time measurements. Real time in Eliot’s view stands in the form of indivisible psychological continuum, which is broken by mathematical measurements in the form of clock time at certain regular intervals. There is a persistent impression that Eliot’s â€Å"Rhapsody†¦Ã¢â‚¬  continues the logical time line of Hardy’s â€Å"Wessex Heights† by mixing past with present, and recognising the insignificance of â€Å"mathematical† measurable time: â€Å"The past exists in the present, which contains the future. The concrete and ever present instance of duration is life, for each of us living in his own time. † Eliot speaks about memories, which do not change with time. He speaks of time as psychological notion, which cannot be measured. â€Å"Half-past three. / The lamp sputtered, / The lamp muttered in the dark. / The lamp hummed: / â€Å"Regard the moon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The moon, and not the clock is the sign of the reality of time, but even the moon can lose memory: â€Å"The moon has lost her memory. † Through the whole poem, Eliot seems to seek the means of time measurability: he tries to use lamps, moon, and clock to divide his time into separate passages. Yet, these measures only confirm the continuity of psychological time, and the continuity of memories which actually constitute this psychological time. In his â€Å"Rhapsody†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , Eliot â€Å"adds the influence of time and its inescapable nature. Memory and the past bring into focus relationships and lack of personal fulfillment. † As psychological time cannot be measured, it serves a measure in itself: the measure of Eliot’s passion, emotiveness, and the memory which is the key to eternity. Conclusion Poetry is inherently separated from any traditional measurements of time. In their works, Hardy and Eliot were trying to create a border between the clock (seasonal) and psychological time. Both were striving to mix past with future, and to show the futility of traditional time measurements against the power of memories and psychological time. Both have incorporated either geographical names or traditional measures of time to emphasise their irrelevance towards people’s emotions. Bergson says that â€Å"reality has extension as well as duration. However, space is not a void or vacuum which is filled by reality. Things are not in space, space is in things. † As a result, psychological time is not an objective reality: it is extremely subjective and stems from the personal memories and interpretations. Subjective notions cannot be measured, and both poets were trying to deliver this essence to the reader. Ultimately, after reading the two poems, the reader finds oneself in a new environment, which breaks traditional limits of time and produces a completely new vision of the self. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bergson, H. The Creative Mind: An Introduction to Metaphysics. New York: Kensington Publishing Group, 1946. Eliot, T. S. â€Å"Rhapsody on a Windy Night. † In Collected Poems, 1909-1962, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1991, p. 16. Hardy, Thomas. â€Å"Wessex Heights. † In Thomas Hardy: Wessex Heights, ed. N. Philip, London: Bloomsbury Pub Ltd, 1989. , p. 23. Maxwell, D. E. S. The Poetry of T. S. Eliot. Routledge Kegan, 1960. Richards, J. â€Å"The History of Error: Hardy’s Critics and the Self Unseen. † Victorian Poetry 45 (2007): 24-29. Siebenschuh, William R. â€Å"Hardy and the Imagery of Place. † Studies in English Literature 39 (1999): 101-103. Thomson, E. T. S. Eliot: The Metaphysical Perspective. Southern Illinois University Press, 1963.

Racism :: essays research papers

It's one of the most explosive topics around and one that people rarely greet with sincerity. Everywhere you go, and everywhere you look, there is always somebody different. Imagine walking down the street and having people stare at you or call you names, or talk behind your back, just because your skin is a different color, or your of a different religion. We all seem to ask our selves the same question over and over, why do people do this? But unfortunately racism is almost impossible to stop. There will always be egotistic people who considers their race to be better then that of other’s. The novel I read is about a Jewish girl by the name of Judith who begins to experience the cruelty of racism at the age of seven. The two boys that live across the street from Judith were always mean to her. They said that because she was Jewish she wasn’t allowed on their side of the street. And if they ever saw her on their lawn they would beat her up. She had no friends at school or in her neighborhood except one girl by the name of Rachel, who was also Jewish. The problem was that Rachel lived in America, and Judith lived in Canada, other then summer camp they couldn’t see each other. The next summer Judith met a Jewish boy by the name of Ori, who also lived in America. She felt as though they were soul mates. Several years went by, and Judith and Ori moved to Israel together. They got a small, one bedroom apartment and began University. Not long after, they began to drift apart from each other. She packed up all her stuff and decided to move to London. Then she met a guy by the name of James. He wasn’t Jewish, but Judith really liked him. She knew that her parents would never approve of him, but she didn’t care. It didn’t matter to her the fact that he wasn’t. But once her parent’s found out about James they gave her an ultimatum. Either she moves back home to Toronto, or goes back to Jerusalem. Since she didn’t have time for a job and her parent’s refused to pay her bills, she had no other choice but to go back to Jerusalem. Her dreams were shattered, and she was left empty handed. What staggered me the most about this book was the information I came across in the second chapter.

Essay on Eating Disorder - Bulimia, the Destruction of Self :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Bulimia - The Destruction of Self Bulimia nervosa, more commonly known simply as bulimia or binge and purge disorder, is an eating disorder that affects 1 in 4 college-aged women in America, or 1 in 10,000 Americans. The most common misconception concerning bulimia is that it is simply a physical or mental problem. Many people do not understand that bulimia is a disease that affects both the mind and the body, and in its course can destroy both aspects of the diseased individual. Bulimia affects a variety of different people, but generally the victims will fall tend to fall into certain categories. Those at highest vulnerability to this disease are young adult females, ages 12 to 18. The disease, however, can start as early as elementary school, or much later in life. Others (such as athletes competing in sports such as ballet, gymnastics, ice-skating, diving, etc.) may also be pressured into starting bulimic habits. Males who perform in athletics such as wrestling and dance are at high risk for developing the disease as well. Victims of bulimia can often be linked to being victims of verbal, physical, and/or sexual abuse, though not all are. Bulimia may also contain ties to diseases such as clinical or manic depression. Bulimics often start out with anorexa (starvation and excessive exercising), or may turn to anorexia after being bulimic. Bulimia is marked by significant cycles in eating habits. Bulimics will often starve themselves (calorie/food/fat intake restriction -- sometimes with the help of diet pills or supplements) for extended periods of time prior to a massive binge, during which they consume abnormal amounts of food in a short period of time. These binges are followed by purging, which generally is constituted by self-induced vomiting. Other methods of purging the body include the use of diuretics, laxatives, and excessive exercising. Bulimics are generally within what is considered to be a "normal" weight range, but see themselves as being overly fat, or suffer from an intense fear of gaining weight. They often do realize that they have a problem, but by that point the cycle has become an obsession. Bulimics usually weigh themselves frequently, even several times daily.

A Cultural Event I Ever Witnessed Essay

Kenyatta University is known beyond African continent for its annual culture week, an event during which activities that reflect diverse African culture are performed. The much awaited cultural week is characterized by songs, drama, poems, drama among other topical activities. I was privileged to attend the cultural week organized during the month of September, 2007 and held both at the universities cultural village and the finals held at the Kenyatta International Conference Centre, Kenya. The most interesting was a traditional song presented in one of the native languages reflecting the manner with which the interest of others present and could not understand the local languages were catered for. Most of the songs were presented by groups composed of members from different communities, a clear indication of the cooperation and sharing within the communities at that time. A great artistic skill was depicted in the manner in which the singing group combined the different sounds to produce an enjoyable song, with coming in at different times and parts. It was accompanied by both traditional and modern instruments, stringed, drums, the piano and projected by the loud speakers for many to be able to hear. The performing group wrapped a lesso on their bodies. However, most of the traditional costumes were missing, enough to predict that the communities were moving away from the traditional dressing codes. The song was introduced by two of the performers, who played different parts in turn, the dance was in pairs and the group also left the stage in pairs. Through out the song though at different points, tonal variation was employed and this caught interest of the audience. All these reflected a great style. The lead singer who happened to be a lady demonstrated a great ability in tonal variation and dancing more than others in the team. Others could be heard whispering that â€Å"she is genius†, and actually she was and in all her performances, none matched her. It was a fact that the song described above had a lot in common with other forms of cultural expression at that time. Other forms as well included more than one performer, and involved the use of sound to communicate. Many forms of expression adhere to a specific style during performance and involve some degree of individual inherent exceptional ability, even though training also efficiently enhance success of such forms. They are performed during a cultural event and need audience. However, in contrast, most of the forms of cultural expression at that time were in a common language (that is English language) and did not involve cultural accompamyments neither was dance a common characteristic even though some element of demonstration were evidenced. REFERENCES Cook, N (1990) music imagination and culture. New York: Oxford University Press. Bratton, J. S (Ed. ) (1986) music Hall: Performance and Style. Philadelphia: Open University Press. Sloboda, J. A (1985) The Musical Mind: The cognitive Psychology of Music. New York: Clarendom Press.

Myths About Embryonic Stem Cell Research

Myths About Embryonic Stem Cell Research Free Online Research Papers Myth: Human life begins in the womb, not the Petri dish Reality: Actually, it usually begins in the fallopian tube, but it can also begin in a Petri dish. The testimony of modern science is clear on this point: At the moment the sperm cell of the human male meets the ovum of the female and the union results in a fertilized ovum (zygote), a new life has begun. Considine, Douglas (ed.). Van Nostrands Scientific Encyclopedia. 5th edition. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1976, p. 943. See Moore, Keith L. Essentials of Human Embryology. Toronto: B.C. Decker Inc, 1988, p.2; Dox, Ida G. et al. The Harper Collins Illustrated Medical Dictionary. New York: Harper Perennial, 1993, p. 146; Sadler, T.W. Langmans Medical Embryology. 7th edition. Baltimore: Williams Wilkins 1995, p. 3; Carlson, Bruce M. Pattens Foundations of Embryology. 6th edition. New York: McGraw_Hill, 1996, p. 3. The issue is not whether human life is present, but how society ought to treat it. Even President Clintons bioethics advisors said: We believe most would agree that human embryos deserve respect as a form of human life National Bioethics Advisory Commission on stem cell research, September 1999 (emphasis added) Stem cell research refers to research using stem cells that come from embryos or other sources, such as adult tissue, placentas, or umbilical cord blood. The only way to obtain embryonic stem cells, however, is to kill the living human embryo. The embryos killed for their stems cells are about a week old and have grown to about 200 cells. Embryonic stem cells have not helped a single human patient, while adult stem cells and similar ethically acceptable alternatives have helped hundreds of thousands. Myth: Excess embryos are going to be discarded anyway Reality: Not necessarily. Today, parents can preserve excess embryos for future pregnancies as well as donate them to other couples. Under proposed NIH guidelines, parents will be asked to consider having them destroyed for federally-funded research instead. In a recent study, 59% of parents who initially planned to discard their embryos after three years later changed their minds, choosing another pregnancy or donation to infertile couples. New England Journal of Medicine, July 5, 2001. With the NIH guidelines, these embryos might have already been destroyed. Whats more, we now know that the scientists calling for federal funds have themselves moved on to creating human embryos solely to destroy them for stem cells. So much for the discarded anyway argument. But what scientists or parents might do with the embryos is not the issue. The issue is: Should the government use taxpayers money for research which requires destroying human embryos? No Administration of either party has ever done so. We believe such unethical research shouldnt be done at all. But if anyone does so, it must be at their expense and on their conscience not that of the American taxpayers. Embryonic stem cells have not helped a single human patient. By contrast, adult stem cells and other ethically acceptable alternatives have helped hundreds of thousands of patients, and new clinical uses expand almost weekly. A clear majority of Americans supports stem cell research Of course they do but what type of stem cell research do they support? Stem cell research refers to research using various types of stem cells. Stem cells that come from adult tissue, placentas, or umbilical cord blood can be retrieved without harming the donor. The only way to obtain embryonic stem cells, however, is to kill the living human embryo. Typically, poll questions do not make this distinction. When Americans are asked if the government should fund stem cell research which requires destroying human embryos, 70% of Americans say NO. And when choosing between funding stem cell research including embryonic stem cells vs. stem cell research without embryonic stem cells, Americans support the latter approach 67% to 18%. (International Communications Research, June 8, 2001. See usccb.org/comm/archives/2001/01-101.htm.) Throughout American history, no Administration of either party has funded research which relies on destroying live human embryos. Embryonic stem cells have not helped a single human patient or demonstrated any therapeutic benefit. By contrast, adult stem cells and other ethically acceptable alternatives have helped hundreds of thousands of patients, and new clinical uses expand almost weekly. Myth: Embryonic stem cells are the most effective for treating disease Reality: Actually, theyre not. Embryonic stem cells have not helped a single human patient or demonstrated any therapeutic benefit. By contrast, adult stem cells and other ethically acceptable alternatives have already helped hundreds of thousands of patients, and new clinical uses expand almost weekly. Consider: Juvenile diabetes Adult Pancreatic Islet Cells 15 people with serious Type I (juvenile) diabetes became insulin free after adult pancreatic islet cell transplants; 9 still need no insulin injections. American Diabetes Assoc. Report, June 24, 2001 Embryonic Stem Cells No person has benefitted. Spinal cord injury Adult Immune-System Cells A young woman rendered paraplegic by a car accident can move her toes and legs after injection of her own immune-system cells into her severed spinal cord. Toronto Globe and Mail, June 15, 2001 Embryonic Stem Cells No person has benefitted Immune deficiency Adult Bone Marrow Stem Cells 2 children born without immune systems (bubble boy syndrome) have left their sterile environment and lead normal lives after bone marrow stem cell treatment. Science, The Washington Post, April 28, 2000 Embryonic Stem Cells No person has benefitted Corneal repair Adult Corneal Stem Cells Several legally blind people can now see more clearly after their corneas were reconstructed with corneal stem cells. New England Journal of Medicine, July 13, 2000 Embryonic Stem Cells No person has benefitted : Study Spanish in Guatemala, American Bulldog Information, and Eulogies Research Papers on Myths About Embryonic Stem Cell ResearchGenetic EngineeringArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Capital PunishmentMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementTwilight of the UAWResearch Process Part One

When to use an

When to use an When to use an When to use an By Maeve Maddox David asks When to use a or an? a horse, an apple. A SUV or an SUV? The rule is to use the article a before words beginning with a consonant sound and an before one beginning with a vowel sound: a dog an eel an hour Disagreement exists with certain h words. For example, not everyone pronounces the h in herb, homage, and humble, but more and more native speakers do. Depending upon vocal stress, one might hear either â€Å"a historic occasion† or â€Å"an historic occasion.† Most American speakers would probably say â€Å"a historic.† Either is correct in writing. About the only common English h words that definitely require an are heir/heiress/heirloom, honest, honor/honorable, and hour: an heir to the throne an honest man an honorable woman an hour before Which indefinite article to use before an abbreviation, a numeral, or a symbol, depends upon pronunciation. Some examples from the Chicago Manual of Stylee: an NBC anchor a CBS anchor a URL an @ sign CMOS also points out two possible readings of MS: an MS treatment Here the letters stand for â€Å"multiple sclerosis† and are read as â€Å"Em S.† a MS in the National library Here the letters stand for â€Å"manuscript† and are customarily read as â€Å"manuscript.† Youd write an SUV because SUV is pronounced one letter at a time and the sound of S is ess. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and Numerals50 Nautical Terms in General UseWood vs. Wooden

Goffmans definition of stigma is still useful in 2011

Goffmans definition of stigma is still useful in 2011 According to Goffman (1963, p. 89), social stigma is a process whereby reactive approach from society destroys the existing normal identity of a person. The author further defines social stigma as a process of disapproving personal characteristics and beliefs which are considered to be against societal norms and beliefs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Goffmans definition of stigma is still useful in 2011 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Goffman in his work identifies three types of stigma. To begin with, he explores life long experience which may result from mental illness. The second aspect is that he attempts to address physical deformity or distinct traits which are undesired. Lastly, the aspect of associating an individual with certain beliefs, race or religions which are undesired in society has also been given special consideration by Goffman. Therefore, his definition of stigma can be viewed in different pers pectives depending on how he presents each element that makes up the whole definition. The author further divides relationship between an individual and stigma into three distinct groups. Firstly, the stigmatized are those individuals who suffer from the effects of stigma while normal individuals in society are those who do not bear the stigma. His third category consists of people who are wise and are considered normal even by those who have been stigmatized. These three categories are indeed very important when exploring significance of stigma in contemporary age. While his theory and concept on stigma may to a large extent be disputed by other scholars, it is still imperative to note that the author, to a large extent, offers the right direction towards understanding stigma. Needless to say, this may be an important step in the right direction even in 2011 when societal stigma on various aspects is still dominant. In modern society, stigma can be associated with necessity to be p owerful whether politically, economically or socially. However, in some circumstances, the role played by power can be clear while in some situations it may lack clarity. For instance, inmates often undergo stigma related experiences as a result of power that is associated with the institution. Thus, prisoners will be stigmatized on the basis that they are feeling powerless since they are being guarded. However, according to Goffman’s theory, the prisoners’ situation may not be equated to true stigmatization bearing in mind that they do not experience social, economic or political power in this situation. In addition, their thoughts are hardly directed towards the guards and hence, they are not seriously affected by the impact of stigmatization.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Goffman (1963, p.45), the aspect of stigma takes place when a pers on is considered deviant and linked with certain stereotypes which may be negative in nature. The present society still applies Goffman’s theory to illuminate how individuals are trying to manage their identities that are being perceived as undesirable in the presence of those who are normal. For instance, the model is still applied by individuals who have certain diseases such as HIV/AIDS which for a long time, has been considered as a deviant ailment associated with those who are sexually immoral. Therefore, HIV/AIDS patients try to manage their predicament even if they are disqualified from society by those individuals that Goffman termed as wise. However, Estroff (1989, p.189) argues that Goffman’s focus on the aspect of stigma is not fixed or inherent enough; the focus is a mere difference of meaning or experience faced by an individual (Goffman, 1963, p.53). Goffman also defined stigma as an aspect that violates the expectations of society in both natural and ord inary settings among certain groups of people. According to the author, an individual who has attributes which are considered less desirable and are out of what the society expects is considered tainted or stigmatized in terms of identity. Goffman argued that individuals with tainted identities have to be very cautious while presenting themselves in public. In addition, they need to critically determine the god or bad attribute to either hide or reveal to other individuals in certain circumstances (Estroff, 1989, p.190). In present world, the society expects heterosexual adults to get an ideal mate and get married. Therefore, failure to achieve this may be considered to be abnormal and not acceptable in society. Moreover, individuals who have attained certain age are expected to find a partner and start up a family and therefore those who fail to achieve this are considered to be having an attribute that is less desirable in the society. Nonetheless, in the society, there are still uniformly ingrained expectations of things that are considered natural and ordinary for individuals who decide to remain single even after attaining certain age (Fine Asch, 1988, p.21). The process of finding a mate should also meet the expectations of the society by being natural and normal.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Goffmans definition of stigma is still useful in 2011 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, aspects such as online dating which have become common in the 21st century are some instance that illustrates the usefulness of Goffman’s theory of stigma. Individuals who date online are considered to be violating the expected dating practices as they meet their potential mates online and thus they have a tainted identity which is double in nature. On the basis of Goffman’s theory, there is tainted identity as online daters face stigmatization from the society (Heatherton et al., 2000, p. 47). Additionally, Goffman’s theory has been used and is still useful in current researches on modern social stigma especially on diseases that are associated with social stigma. Sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS, psychiatric disorders and other physical disabilities are among diseases that are being researched and correlated to stigma using Goffman’s theory. For instance epilepsy is one of the neurological disorders associated with quite a number of social stigmas. For example, a study carried out by Chung-yan in Hong Kong used the model to carry out a research on public attitudes on individuals who have epilepsy. Therefore, the theory has been used by researchers to identify ways of handling and dealing with stigma. For example, the findings from the research have been used to formulate recommendations on ways of strengthening the system of rehabilitation centers not only in Hong Kong but also in other parts of the world. The theory has also been used to eliminate stigmas that are associated with mental illness (Goffman, 1959, p.78). Studies on HIV/AIDS have also used the theory in tackling stigma that is associated with the disease. It has been used with the aim of evaluating the impact of stigma on care and prevention of HIV/AIDS. Medical practitioners and counselors apply the theory in their daily activities to sensitize individuals on the diseases and avoid stigma. Thus, the theory has been individuals to come out in open and declare their status an aspect that have helped in curbing the spread of the disease (Anleu, 2006, p.34) A study carried out by Marshall, Douglas and McDonnell (2007, p. 67) evaluated some of the effects of stigma. It made use of Goffman’s theory in a study that consisted 210 people. Using the theory, the study found out that individuals who had high level of concerns regarding to their status did not respond and adhere to the medication while those who had low concerns regarding to the same adhered to their medications and other counseling services regarding their status. Therefore, the theory is still being used in 2011 to understand reasons why individuals who are HIV positive abscond the drugs or spread the disease or refuse to embrace voluntary testing services. Moreover, the theory has been used to explain why individuals are not usually ready to reveal their status to others. This is because these individuals are more sensitive to social stigma (Link Phelan, 2008, p.45)Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the aforementioned social stigma in Goffman’s theory in 2011 is still being associated with certain diseases and the effects of the stereotypes impact on people negatively. Furthermore, regardless of the nature of the stigma whether it impacts them negatively or positively the perceptions of individuals are usually altered regardless of the situation. Thus, the theory has been used and is still used in 2011 to create mutual understanding of stigma through education in order to eliminate it. Furthermore the Goffman’s theory has been used to classify different categories of stigma. For instance, according to Goffman (1963, p. 77), stigma takes the form of a disease or condition, obesity, dating types, gender, culture and even race. The theory has also been used to indicate how individuals who have been stigmatized feel that their lives is been changed from a normal to that which is tainted. The theory has also been used to individuals feel devalued and differe nt by their peers (Cardwell Flanagan, 2003, p.77). This has been used to address various occurrences in families, criminal justice systems, education, health care and workplace centers. Link and Phelan (2008, p.45) further point out that Goffman’s theory has been used to explain reasons why people are being affected by stigma. For example, people who are stigmatized, in most cases, tend to behave the way society that stigmatized them expects. Thus, the theory has been used and is still being used to explain how stigma not only changes behavior of individuals but also transforms their beliefs and emotions. Finally, it can be argued that the theory has been used to explain how stigma puts the social identity of people in situations that are threatening such as low self-esteem (Plummer, 1975, p.88). In summing up, it is imperative to reiterate that Goffman’s theory on social stigma may not be dismissed in totality in spite of some of the differences in thought that may b e evident when interpreting his arguments. As already mentioned, there are quite a number of infirmities that are still being associated with this theory especially in light of common stereotyping that is prevalent in society. It is also worthy to mention that irrespective of the nature of stigma, perceptions and feelings of individuals are usually transformed to some degree, in the sense that stigma may affect individuals either positively or negatively. Hence, Goffman’s theory on this subject is still relevant up to date. References Anleu, S. L. R. 2006. Deviance, Conformity and Control, New York: Pearson Longman. Cardwell, M. Flanagan, C.2003. Psychology A2: the complete companion. London: Nelson Thornes. Estroff, S.E. 1989. Self, identity and subjective experiences of schizophrenia: in search of the subject. Schizophrenia Bulletin 15:189-196. Fine, M, Asch, A. 1988. Disability beyond stigma: social interaction, discrimination, and activism. Journal of Social Issues 44:3 -22. Goffman, E. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Anchor. Goffman,E, 1963. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New York. Prentice-Hall. Heatherton, T. F et al. 2000. The Social Psychology of Stigma, Melbourne: Guilford Press. Link, B. G. Phelan, J. C. 2008. ConceptualizingStigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363-85. Marshall, H., Douglas, K. McDonnell, D. 2007. Deviance and Social Control: Who Rules? Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Plummer, K. 1975. Sexual stigma: an interactionist account, New York: Routledge.

Charlie Wilson's War - Lessons Learned Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Charlie Wilson's War - Lessons Learned - Essay Example The war offers an appropriate emphasis on the secretive war waged by the CIA in Afghanistan without the notice of American public, to avoid public debates and protests that accompany publicized wars. US department of foreign affairs at the time denied knowledge of US arm purchases for distribution to Afghan rebels. Even though, the US officially denied its role in availing weapons to Afghani fighters, mainly the Mujahedeen, the war in Afghanistan acted as a catalyst that facilitated the end of soviet empire. Though the US did not claim credit in the war, the Mujahedeen as well as other Muslims never considered the US as being crucial to the war success. The secrecy of the war bore unforeseen consequences with regard to the relationship between the United States and Afghanistan (Chodakiewicz, 2008). Consequently, US face tense relations with Afghanistan; therefore, the war offers a great lesson that interventionist foreign policy can result in unforeseeable negative consequences. In a ddition, it is apparent that the US profoundly lacked continuity in its foreign policy; even after the expulsion of Soviets, it abandoned Afghanistan, as it had no plans and strategies for the country’s future apart from the its revenge to Soviet. Therefore, Taliban as well as the al Qaeda took advantage of the situation since the US concentrated on the imminent problems, and failed to anticipate and neutralize potential threats (Jalal, 2010). Thus, from the war is that it is important for the US or any other country to deploy resources in assisting in times of crisis especially in wars and when the danger apparently passes, it should ensure stability has been fostered in the war regions. Another crucial lesson in the war regards the role of women in politics like heiress Joanne, who are important allies in political undertakings since they have the time, vision, passion and means for organizing extra-governmental activities. This is because American women can arrange parties , invite key players and inconspicuously achieve results using their charm and perseverance that enables them to reach the mighty. In this case, they fund or sponsor non-governmental propagandas attacks and at times political-military movements; therefore, women usually are the main supporters of public mediation as well as private undercover activities. Consequently, influential American women influence their wealthy friends to support generously any kind of adventure this is common, and does not only apply in Afghanistan (Michael, 2003). The other insight from the war is the concern relating to the informal aspects of democratic system like backdoor deals being the norm in congress, where politicians accepts perks in corridors, clubs and lobbies. Moreover, the system is often bi-partisan considering that obscure things mysteriously appear to be part of agenda and get voted in. Nevertheless, the war portrays the US response to be firmly rooted in the US’s rampant anti-commun ism following the disaster in Vietnam. Americans fear of the communism expansion drove them to support Mujahedeen, as replicated in the famous oratory used by Charlie in bolstering backing for his cause. This

Project Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project Management - Case Study Example The firm sold industry equipment through personal contacts and personal relationships of the top end staff. When the CRM system was decided to be licensed, there were huge arguments about its necessity since such a system would not be suited for selling industry equipment. However the decision was made by the high-ups and the license was bought. The implementation of this system was not as successful as was expected because there was no alignment between the business objectives and the technological objectives. The results the top-end of the management wanted to achieve could only be achieved up to 50% and the huge investment became a waste. If a more customized and industry usable system had been purchased like a Supply Chain System or an Enterprise Resource Plan, then the results would have been much better. (Jessup & Valacich, 2007) The project aimed at involving the industry clients to communicate through the CRM system with the organization telling them about the quantity they want to purchase, any customizations they require and the time of delivery etc. Orders from the clients came in bulk and were quite infrequent. Managing these orders had been easy in the past and it was being manually without any problems. Since no boom in the industry was expected, this project was also considered as not being able to utilize its full potential. The problem in this case was the poor judgment of the scenario at hand by the top management. They wanted to automate the ordering and delivery systems however the technological side of the CRM could do much more than automating these two functions. The Microsoft Dynamics CRM 3.0 was also able to maximize the marketing capabilities of the organization. In this case, marketing wasn't the objective and no one had ever thought about marketing the industry equipment into a brand name. The company had never put up nay ads and didn't even have a marketing department. (Microsoft, 2008) The CRM 3.0 also helps to improve the customer relationships with the clients. The company got business from personal contacts and generating goodwill and relationships wasn't really a problem. Therefore this objective from the technology side of the new system was also negated. (Microsoft, 2008) Lastly the CRM system empowered the users for the entire sales cycles. In some sense this was the only objective the organization wanted to achieve from the new system. However this module was also sparingly used by the organization due to infrequent orders. (Microsoft, 2008) The project should have been aligned with the objectives the organization was trying to achieve only then the IT team should have been involved to give ideas to suggest a solution for the problem at hand. In this case the IT department would most probably have suggested that the current business model of manual work was best until more business was acquired. The problem that we see here is not with the implementation of the project, rather with the thinking of the high-end managers. (Morgan, 2002) According to Livingston (2004), one of the drivers for mismanagement and misalignment of organizational goals to technological goals is the varying view of business executives on the role or affects that IT integration could have on their companies. In this case the executives were thinking that profound results would be

Continuing Professional Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Continuing Professional Development - Assignment Example The aim of this paper is to analyze the importance of CPD for individuals and organizations in the hospitality industry. The main theory surrounding CPD is Boyatzis’s Theory of Self-directed Learning. The theory works on a model where learning is based on a self-directed self-analysis. This includes analysis of the ideal oneself and actual oneself then assessing gaps. The person then looks at their strengths and sets out on a learning agenda aimed at building on the strengths while minimizing the gaps. Finally, the person experiments and practices with the new knowledge, skills and behavior. Trusting relationships that encourage and support each step should be developed (Boyatzis 1999). Core concepts of CPD There are some concepts that mark out CPD from other types of professional development and training. First is that in CPD, the learner is in control hence CPD finds its starting point from the learner’s dreams. Handy (1997), states that these dreams can also be equat ed to thirst. First, the professional becomes thirst for new skills, knowledge and experiences and the role of CPD is to respond to the type and extend of the thirst presented. Secondly, CPD is a holistic process capable of addressing every aspect of life as well as the balance between these aspects. This means that one aspect of a learner’s life for example, their work, family, or social life does not have to suffer much during the process of CPD. Therefore, we can say that the process is integrative to every aspect of the learner’s life (Daniel 2002). Thirdly, the learning and working in CPD is power and direction oriented hence the achievement of its purposes and objectives are easy. This is because CPD involves regularly reflecting how we are, looking ahead to where we want to be then taking a step from our current position towards the desired future position. Lastly, someone can benefit from CPD with or without the support of the employer. This is to say that it w orks for those employees who have financial backing and total support from their employers and as well as for those whose employers are hostile (Daniel 2002). The need and relevance for CPD From its definition, the need for CPD is hinged on the necessity for professionals to broaden, improve and maintain their specific professional skills and knowledge they have already acquired. The core reason for this is that security for professionals no longer lies in the organisation they work for or the job they do but on the knowledge, skills and experience they posses within themselves (Brett and VandeWalle 1999). There is also a need for professionals to acquire some special qualities that are needed for them to perform well in their profession. CPD is very relevant to professionals and their organisations as well. For example, it enables professionals to be updated in terms of their professional skills and knowledge and this puts them at a good position of working under the latest relevan t information. Constant updating and enhancement of skills enables an individual to improve in terms of their professional competency. Because CPD is continuous, the improvement in professional competency for the individuals also becomes continuous throughout their professional lives (Cooperrider 1990). Benefits of CPD for individuals and organisations According to Schon (1983), CPD makes professionals to be committed to their professionalism. This is because it entails a continuous process of

In Depth Analysis of HorizontalDrilling in Old Conventional Pools Research Paper

In Depth Analysis of HorizontalDrilling in Old Conventional Pools - Research Paper Example Case studies and recommendations are included. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦....p. 1. Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦....p. 2. Purpose†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...p. 3. Scope†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....p. 2.0 HORIZONTAL DRILLING IN WESTERN CANADA TECHNOLOGIES†¦...†¦p. 2.1 Horizontal drilling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..p. 2.2 History of Horizontal Drilling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..p. 2.3 Advantages of Horizontal Drilling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..p. 2.4 Stimulation methods used in Horizontal Drilling completion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦...p. 2.4.1 Hydraulic Fracturing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......p 2.4.2 Multi-Stage Fracturing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.†¦ p. 2.4.3 Hydraulic Fracture Fluids†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†¦.p. 3.0 HORIZONTAL DRILLING IN OLD CON VENTIONAL POOLS.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....p. 3.1 Benefit of using horizontal drilling in conventional wells†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....p. ... ....................P. 4.1Current Operational Data from the oil industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..P 4.2 Advantages of using horizontal drilling in old conventional pool†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P. 4.2.1 Economical Advantage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦...P. 2.2. Environmental Advantage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..P. 4.3 Limitations of using Horizontal drilling old conventional pool†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦..p. 5.0 ACASE STUDY OF ORIZONATL DRILLING IN OLD OIL RESERVOIRS†¦P. 1. Pembina Cardium†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..p. 2. Bakken†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..p. 6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.p. 1.0. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The ongoing march of technological progress pursuant to both the production and discovery of natural oil reserves is a persistent development of increasing relevance in our interconnected world. Specifically, a necessary avenue of development are the challenges and applications pursuant to horizontal drilling technology, which is increasing in utility as technology advances, sparking great interest worldwide in recent decades. This investigation is an exploration in a technical sense of the applications of horizontal drilling practices pertaining to specific types of oil deposits, some – such as oil shales may have been neglected previously due to a cost-benefit analysis between the difficulty of their extraction and the price at which oil could be sold. Over ti me, this balance changes. Prospects for improvement in the oil industry, and relevant applications for advancements in pre-existing techniques are also

Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Movie Review Example I thought the story line to be very interesting because most Indian families are like how Jess’ family was shown. I watched the film by myself but later discussed it with my sister who had the same views as me. Jess was not given chances to be herself and her family was unable to accept that she was different. Her friend Jules mother also thought that Jess and Jules were in a lesbian relationship with each other because they never spent time with boys or doing other stereotypical things that girls are supposed to do. This tells us a lot about how society views a woman in not just the Indian culture but also developed western cultures. This movie is similar to a film called ‘She’s the Man’ set in America where again, a young girl is not given her break to play football and has to fight for her rights and prove to everyone that she is as good as anyone else. This film helps to understand that gender is a social construct and women are not made only for cookin g and cleaning the house; they can have other varied interests too which they should be given a chance to inculcate into their lifestyles and nurture. 39 minutes – Jess’s sister breaks up and Jess is trying to console her while practicing and then the coach comes to her house to talk to her parents 1.12 minutes – Jule’s family takes an interest in football and they’re having a breakfast conversation as her mom tries to learn the game; Jess’ mother prays that her results are good Persepolis, written and directed by Marjane Satrapi is a beautiful account of the life of a young girl as she grows up against the backdrop of the Iran war. As a young girl, she had a number of questions on her mind regarding the war and the consequences it would have on her family. Her parents and her grandmother always protected her so that she would not feel the atrocious effects of the war and later, in order for her to complete her education, they sent her to Fr ance. There, as she grows up into a young lady, she discovers many facets of life by herself with no one to answer her questions. She discovers love and sexuality and also experiments with different kinds of lifestyles, then realizing that she should not give up on her identity, no matter what. Frustrated with herself at times, she finds herself talking to her grandmother in her dreams who helps her get on the right path again. She goes back to Teheran and stays with her parents because she believes that is what will cure her depression. Marjane finds love in her family and soon even gets married. The marriage however ends up in a divorce and she feels that she has more time to study and educate herself and free women around her from the terrible clutches of the patriarchal society that persists in the country. The film ends on a happy note, with Marjane still figuring life out for herself and answering questions regarding why her Uncle gave up his life for the family during the rei gn of the Shah. I loved the manner in which the film was made and even though it was animated it was extremely realistic; Marjane as a woman goes through the journey of life as a vulnerable creature and is wounded many times, however she always gets back on her feet and manages to find answers. The movie was very inspiring and I am sure to suggest it as a must watch to others. 39 minutes – Marjane is sent to France, backdrop of the Teheran war is shown through her

In Depth Analysis of HorizontalDrilling in Old Conventional Pools Research Paper

In Depth Analysis of HorizontalDrilling in Old Conventional Pools - Research Paper Example Case studies and recommendations are included. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦....p. 1. Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦....p. 2. Purpose†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...p. 3. Scope†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....p. 2.0 HORIZONTAL DRILLING IN WESTERN CANADA TECHNOLOGIES†¦...†¦p. 2.1 Horizontal drilling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..p. 2.2 History of Horizontal Drilling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..p. 2.3 Advantages of Horizontal Drilling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..p. 2.4 Stimulation methods used in Horizontal Drilling completion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦...p. 2.4.1 Hydraulic Fracturing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......p 2.4.2 Multi-Stage Fracturing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.†¦ p. 2.4.3 Hydraulic Fracture Fluids†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†¦.p. 3.0 HORIZONTAL DRILLING IN OLD CON VENTIONAL POOLS.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....p. 3.1 Benefit of using horizontal drilling in conventional wells†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....p. ... ....................P. 4.1Current Operational Data from the oil industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..P 4.2 Advantages of using horizontal drilling in old conventional pool†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P. 4.2.1 Economical Advantage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦...P. 2.2. Environmental Advantage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..P. 4.3 Limitations of using Horizontal drilling old conventional pool†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦..p. 5.0 ACASE STUDY OF ORIZONATL DRILLING IN OLD OIL RESERVOIRS†¦P. 1. Pembina Cardium†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..p. 2. Bakken†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..p. 6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.p. 1.0. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The ongoing march of technological progress pursuant to both the production and discovery of natural oil reserves is a persistent development of increasing relevance in our interconnected world. Specifically, a necessary avenue of development are the challenges and applications pursuant to horizontal drilling technology, which is increasing in utility as technology advances, sparking great interest worldwide in recent decades. This investigation is an exploration in a technical sense of the applications of horizontal drilling practices pertaining to specific types of oil deposits, some – such as oil shales may have been neglected previously due to a cost-benefit analysis between the difficulty of their extraction and the price at which oil could be sold. Over ti me, this balance changes. Prospects for improvement in the oil industry, and relevant applications for advancements in pre-existing techniques are also

THE_MANAGEMENT_OF_LEAN_AND_AGILE_ORGANISATIONS_2008_6ME015 Assignment

THE_MANAGEMENT_OF_LEAN_AND_AGILE_ORGANISATIONS_2008_6ME015 - Assignment Example In this context, the present paper discusses the various features of lean production system and its related literature. The paper takes a descriptive approach where in the present lean manufacturing system is discussed in detail. Also an effort is made to compare the lean and mass manufacturing system. Mass manufacturing and distribution were considered ideal business strategies in the past. In those days, business organisations produced large amount of products with standard quality fixed by them. The products in large quantity were also supplied through the mass distribution system. These strategies were found practical and economical in times when production oriented business operations and economies of scale is the barometer of business success. However, these seem to be inefficient and unsuccessful in the modern business environment where products are being produced and distributed keeping in view the interests of ultimate customers. In the modern philosophy of marketing management and the era of customer relationship management (CRM), business operations are carried out more in conformity to the needs and tastes of customers than the economics of business operations. The main argument brought about by the advocates of lean manufacturing system is that mass production results in huge wastage of resources, mainly material and equipments and it needs huge investment in inventory, which is Mass manufacturing and distribution were considered ideal business strategies in the past. In those days, business organisations produced large amount of products with standard quality fixed by them. The products in large quantity were also supplied through the mass distribution system. These strategies were found practical and economical in times when production oriented business operations and economies of scale is the barometer of business success. However, these seem to be inefficient and unsuccessful in the modern business environment

Social Movements Essay Example for Free

Social Movements Essay It appears that as the civil rights movement was developing in the 1960s other minority groups were joining the cause. The American Indians were one of these groups. One specific account of this movement was captured by an article in the New York Times. An American Indian woman living in New York started pushing for the responsible use of traditional Indian customs. She started to organize and promote these traditional customs in an effort to bring the American Indians together. At the heart of her movement she promoted the building of a central facility where American Indians could meet and further organize (J. K, 1968). Another significant event was taken place during this period that directly related to the civil rights movement. A testament to the contributions of the American Indians was being recognized at the American Museum. A special dedication was established to show the traditions and early beginnings of the American Indians. This dedication was just another example of the changing times and the new appreciation for other cultures. Along with the new exhibit, American Indians were beginning to find their way into mainstream society. Their unique styles and practices had become well known in the culture and were seen in many fashion statements (New York Times, 1966). While the identity of the American Indian may have seen resurgence during this time there were also many elements of prejudice still seen in mainstream media. Indians being portrayed as drunkards and always in need of white assistance was common in some popular shows. These stereotypes only amplified the issues American Indians were having in establishing themselves as a significant part of American culture. Issues with stereotypes and how minority groups were being portrayed in the media had been previously established in the civil rights movement but they only represented African Americans and Puerto Ricans. The move to include the American Indian population only reestablishes how necessary the civil rights movement was (R.E., 1968). References By, J. K. (1968, Sep 18). The american indian: Part of city, and yet . . New York Times (1923-Current File). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/118351072?accountid=35812 New indian hall opens at american museum. (1966, May 24). New York Times (1923-Current File). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/117044919?accountid=35812 By, R. E. (1968, Mar 22). American indian group accuses several media of discrimination. New York Times (1923-Current File). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/118214039?accountid=35812

Subsurface Layer Characterisation Research

Subsurface Layer Characterisation Research SUBSURFACE LAYER CHARACTERISATION FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES USING VERTICAL ELECTRICAL SOUNDING IN BANANA ISLAND, LAGOS, NIGERIA OLADUNJOYE, H.T., 2OLALEYE, A.O. ABSTRACT Seven (7) vertical electrical sounding stations along two traverses were used to study the depth to competent formation for foundation of engineering structures in Banana Island of Lagos. The study is meant to unravel the presence of problem soils that can be inimical to structures.   The sounding data used in this study was acquired using Schlumberger Electrode Configuration. The VES data were interpreted into a model curve using forward modelling software called Winglink. The interpretation parameters (layer resistivities and thicknesses) for each VES point were grouped into three geo-electric sections to represent the 2-D models of the subsurface layers in the study area. The final interpretation results (resistivities and depths) modelled as geoelectrical sections and pseudosections were compared within the surveyed area and correlated with the borehole log-derived depths to determine a probable depth for foundations of high rise building. The study concluded that the geophysical investigation is of great significance in partial curve matching interpretation technique gives the most consistently low percentage deviation error margins amongst the three VES preliminary interpretation techniques. There is consistent increase in depth prediction error, with depth, in all the interpretation techniques. INTRODUCTION Geophysical resistivity techniques are based on the response of the earth to the flow of electrical current. In all methods, an electrical current is passed through the ground and the resulting potential electrodes allow us to record the resultant potential difference between the current electrode is measured. The apparent resistivity is then a function of the measured impedance (ratio of potential to current) and the geometry of the electrode array. Depending upon the survey geometry, the apparent resistivity data are plotted as 1-D soundings, 1-D profiles, or in 2- D cross-sections in order to look for anomalous regions. In the shallow subsurface, the presence of water controls much of the conductivity variation. Measurement of resistivity (inverse of conductivity) is, in general, a measure of water saturation and connectivity of pore space. This is because water has a low resistivity and electric current will follow the path of least resistance. Increasing saturation, increasing salinity of the underground water, increasing porosity of rock (water-filled voids) and increasing number of fractures (water-filled) all tend to decrease measured resistivity. Resistivity measurements are associated with varying depths depending on the separation of the current and potential electrodes in the survey, and can be interpreted in terms of a lithologic and/or geohydrologic model of the subsurface. The choice for Direct Current (DC) resistivity survey in this project is as a result of its ability to provide a quick synoptic picture of lithological and groundwater characteristics in terms of its apparent resistivity contrast. In this work the electrical resistivity character collected were model with Winresist and Winglink inversion software. The layers parameters (resistivities and thicknesses) obtained from data processing were then inverted with Winglink to provide two-dimensional images of the subsurface apparent resistivity variation (Pseudosection). However, knowledge on the geology of the area from acquired borehole log has played a vital role in determining the best fit model. MATERIALS AND METHOD OF STUDY The vertical electrical resistivity is used to determine the subsurface resistivity distribution and depth of the sub-surface layers with the aid of electrical resistivity meter. In this study, Schlumberger array of electrical resistivity method was adopted because of the low cost of the field operation, reduced logistics man power and also faster. A total of Six (6) vertical electrical sounding (VES) were measured within the area. The resistivity measurement is taken by introducing small portion of electricity through two current electrodes (A and B) and measuring the resultant voltage drop between a pair of potential electrodes (M and N). A simple calculated value of apparent resistivity is the parameter bearing the information for the characteristics of the subsoil (Tonkov, 2008). From the foundation of electrical resistivity theory is the ohms law (Grant and West, 1965; Dobrin and Sarvit, 1988):            Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (1) Where Ï  is the resistivity, R is the resistance, L is the length of the conducting cylinder and A is the cross sectional area. For the solid earth, whose material is predominantly made up of silicates and basically non conductors, the presence of water in the pore space of the soil and in the rocks fractures enhances the conductivity of the earth when an electrical current I is passed through it, thus making the rocks a semi conductor.   Since the earth is not like a straight wire and it is not an anisotropic, then Equation 1 can be customized as:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (2) Where change in voltage and r is is the radius of current electrodes hemisphere. Since the earth is not homogeneous, Equation 2 is used to define an apparent resistivity which is computed as the product of the geometric factor and the resistance recorded in the electrical resistivity meter and resistivity the earth would have if it were homogeneous (Grant and West, 1965;):   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3) Where, 2Ï€r is then define as the geometric factor (G) fixed for a given electrode configuration and is dependent on the electrode arrangement. The Schlumberger electrode configuration was used for this study. The geometric factor is thus given as:   Ã‚  Ã‚   (4) Where AB is the distance between two current electrodes, MN is the distance between two potential electrodes. LOCATION AND GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA The study area is located in the south-eastern part of Lagos State between Latitudes 6 ° 25 to 6 ° 28 North of the Equator and Longitudes 3 ° 24 to 3 ° 30 East of the Greenwich Meridian (Fig.1.1). The study area Lekki and its environ issituated within the western Nigeria coastal creeks and lagoon developed by barrier beaches associated with sand deposition (Pugh, 1954). It forms part of the Lagos lagoon system known as the largest of the four lagoon system in the gulf of guinea coast (Adepelumi and Olorunfemi, 2000). Banana Island is an artificial island in Lagos State, Nigeria. It is located in the Lagos Lagoon and attached to the North-Eastern Ikoyi Island by a dedicated road strip which is linked to the existing road network. The banana-shaped Island is approximately 1,630,000 square metres in size (less than a square mile) and is divided into 536 plots (of between 1000 and 4000 square metres in size) mainly arranged along cul-de-sacs, so designed to enhance the historically residential nature of Ikoyi. Banana Island is an artificial island reclaimed from portions of the Lagos Lagoon, topographic elevation obtained at the site averaged 4 metres above mean sea level. The study area is located within the coastal region of Nigeria with a climate of long wet season (April to October) and short dry season (November to March). Average annual precipitation is above 2000mm and serves as a source of groundwater recharge. The area is susceptible to flooding after heavy rainfall during the wet season. Nigeria lies in an extensive Pan-African mobile belt which separates the West African and Congo Cratons. The belt is interpreted to have evolved from the continental collision between the West African craton and the Pan-African belt (Black et al., 1979; Caby et al., 1981). Geochronologically, the Precambrian rocks of Nigeria can be grouped into four major classes (Liberian Orogeny 2800  ± 200 Ma, Eburnean Orogeny 2000  ± 200 Ma, Kibaran Orogeny 1100  ± 200 Ma and The Pan-African Orogeny 600  ± 150 Ma). These classes correspond with the four orogenic events that have punctuated the Precambrian history of Africa (Odeyemi, 1979). Figure 2.1: Regional Geological Map of Nigeria (Modified after Ajibade et al., 1988) Coastal Nigeria comprises two sedimentary basins: The Benin-Dahomey basin and the Niger Delta basin separated by the Okitipupa ridge. The rocks of the Benin basin are mainly sands and shales with some limestone which thicken towards the west and the coast as well as down dips to the coast. Recent sediments are underlain by the Coastal Plains Sands which is then underlain by a thick clay layer the Ilaro Formation and other older Formations (Jones and Hockey, 1964). The Coastal Plains Sands aquifer is a multi-aquifer system consisting of three aquifer horizons separated by silty or clayey layers (Longe et al., 1987). It is the main aquifer in Lagos Metropolis that is exploited through boreholes for domestic and industrial water supply. The sedimentary rocks of Lagos State are composed of five (5) sedimentary formations (Jones and Hockey, 1964) viz: Abeokuta Formation, Ewekoro Formation, Ilaro Formation, the Coastal Plains Sands and the alluvial deposits. The coastal plains sand also known as the Benin Formation stretches across the Dahomey basin into the Niger Delta Basin. The geological formations of the study area composed of sediments laid down under fluviate, lascustrine and marine environments. These sediments grade into one another and vary widely in lateral extent and thickness (Adepelumi and Olorunfemi 2000). Longe et al., (1987) classified the aquifer into three types. Quantitative interpretation of the curves involved partial curve matching using two-layer Schlumberger master curves and the auxiliary K, Q, A and H curves. Output from the quantitative interpretation was modelled using computer iteration. The Resist Version 1.0 interpretation software was used for iteration and presentation of the curves (see Figures 3a f). RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The apparent resistivities from the field plotted on a log-log graph survey against the corresponding half Schlumberger electrode spacing was interpreted using the computer iteration technique. The initial model was deriving by winresist software by entering layer parameters from partial curve process as the starting parameters. The resulting models were then iterated till the best fit curve as attained. In all, there was a large value for root mean square (r.m.s) error resulting mostly from the scattered point data observed where half Schlumberger electrode spacing is greater than 32m. In order to view the resistivity distribution of the whole surveyed area, the result of the soundings data linearly and vertically interpolated into two dimensional pseudosections. The borehole records from the geo-technical investigation were used as a control in interpreting the VES data acquired in this study. Interpretation of the geo-electric curves was essentially based on the fact that resistive materials constitutes zones of interest for engineering construction, considering that clay and organic materials are conductive and typified by low resistivity values(reference). The outputs from the manual interpretation were modelled using computer iterations. Resist Version 1.0 software was utilized for the iterations. The curve types obtained are 3 layer H (VES 1), 4 layer QH (VES 2, VES 3 and VES 6) and 5 layer QHK (VES 4 and VES 5), as shown in Figures 3a f. VES 1 and VES 6 with RMS-error (Root Mean Square) of 11.7 and 10.4 respectively present better quality data than VES 2 to VES 5 with RMS-error ranging from 12.7 to 20.8, thus the interpretation of the geo-electric curves at VES 1 and VES 6, present more reliable results. From the iteration of VES 1, depth to competent bedrock (sand) is 39.6 metres, while depth to competent (sand) layer at VES 6 is 39.8 metres, this is signified by the rising segment of the curve at both VES stations, typified by a relatively resistive material (5 105 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦-m). CONCLUSION This paper describes the possibility of locating a competent formation for high rise building in area around Banana Island Ikoyi using Schlumberger array. The results of the interpretation of field survey reveal only the presence such formation in depth close to 10m. At this depth saturated sandy clay can be obtain virtually for all the VES stations. This saturated sandy clay formation provides good foundation support for any high rise due to the fact that the liquefaction potential is very low compare to all other formation inferred from geologic section. REFERENCE Alile, M.O., S.I. Jegede and O.M. Ehigiator, 2008. Underground water exploration using electrical resistivity method in Edo State, Nigeria. Asian J. Earth Sci., 1: 38-42. Anderson, N. L. Selection of Appropriate Geophysical Techniques: A Generalized Protocol Based on Engineering Objectives and Site Characteristics. Proc., 2006 Highway Geophysics- NDE Conference, 2006, pp. 29-47. Available at http://2006geophysics.mst.edu/. Anderson, N. L., A. M. Ismail, and T. Thitimakorn. Ground-Penetrating Radar: A Tool for Monitoring Bridge Scour. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, Vol. 13, 2007, pp. 1-10. Dobrin, M.B. and C.H. Savit, 1988. Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting. 4th Edn., McGraw Hill Book Co., New York. Dogara, M.D., B.M. Dewu and C.O. Ajayi, 1998. Groundwater potential of Romi, Kaduna. Nig. J. Physics., 10: 85-90. Grant, F.S. and G.F., West, 1965. Interpretation Theory in Applied Geophysics. McGraw-Hill, New York. Nwankwo L.I., P.I. Olasehinde and E.B. Babatunde, 2004. The use of electrical resistivity pseudo-section in elucidating the geology of an east-west profile in the basement complex terrain of Ilorin, West-Central Nigeria. Nig. J. Pure Applied Sci., 19: 1672-1682. Olasehinde, P.I., 1999. An integrated geological and geophysical exploration for groundwater in the basement complex of west central Nigeria. Water Resourses, 10: 46-49. Olasehinde, P.I., A.E. Annor and P.C. Pal, 1986. A geological evaluation of a prospective site for a weir on river Oyun, Ilorin, Nigeria. 7. Angew Geowiss, 8: 83-90. Olorunfemi, M.O and S.A. Fasoyi, 1993. Aquifer types and the geoelectric/hydrogeologic characteristics of part of the central basement terrain of Nigeria (Niger State). J. Afr. Earths Sci., 16: 309-317. Plummer, C.C., D. McGeory and D.H. Carlson, 1999. Physical Geology. 8th Edn., McGraw Hill Co. Inc., New York, pp: 48-56. Rabiu, A.B, I. A. Adimula, K. Yumoto, J. O. Adeniyi and G. Maeda, 2009. Preliminary results from the magnetic field measurements using MAGDAS at Ilorin, Nigeria. Earth Moon Planets, 104: 173-179. Rahaman, M.A., 1973. Review of the Basement Geology of South Western Nigeria. In: Geology of Nigeria, Kobe, C.A. (Ed.). 2 Edn., Rockview Publishers, Jos, Nigeria. Singh, K.K.K., A.K.S. Singh, K.B. Singh and A. Sinha, 2006. 2D resistivity imaging survey for siting water-supply tube wells in metamorphic terrains: A case study of CMRI campus, Dhanbad, India. The Leading Edge, 25: 1458-1460

Horses as My Pen :: Invention Writing Technology Papers

Horses as My Pen When I was told that I had to develop a form of writing using solely nature, my initial reaction was a groan. Despite the fact that nature is abundant where I live--on a farm--is was the middle of winter and my creativity was definitely limited. Additionally, I actually felt lost that I couldn’t use a writing utensil, Dennis Baron was definitely right when he wrote, "We have a way of getting so used to technologies that we come to think of them as natural rather than technological. We assume that pencils are a natural way to write because they are old" (51). Then it hit me, my family has been involved with the use/production/processing of fibers for generations. So my initial idea for this project was to utilize natural wool and dyes or needlepoint of some fashion to create kind of text naturally. As I began formulating more specific ideas for that avenue, I realized that it would be very time consuming and I was unsure of the exact outcome. With sheep in mind, the thought of other barnyard friends danced in my head. I opted to utilize my equines, family and friends. The plan was to align the horses to spell out Hi, although, my first idea was to spell out some random quote, I did not have enough horses to write anything longer than a single word. Just as Twain noted, "Dictating...to a type writer is a new experience for me, writing with horses was new to me" (501). Because I had to take into account my horses’ temperaments, it took some deliberation about who will cooperate next to who and who should be handled by who. At last, a balance was struck and arrangements made to meet on what happened to be a very frigid day. Six of my very dependable helpers showed up and the horses were groomed, we walked them to a field, overlooked by a Harvester Silo. My dad scaled the silo to get an aerial view and we lined up four horses, one pony, two miniature horses and my dog Riley into the Hi formation. Unfortunately, because the weather was brisk, to say the least, the equines were feeling a bit frisky and were not so keen on standing still. This made the process last about 20 minutes, twice as long as I anticipated. Additionally, my mom, who is not a horse person at all, was holding the two mini’s as the i and Riley was antagonizing them, which made the experience slightly stressful since nobody wants to chase down loose horses!

Does Increased Carbon Dioxide Emissions Cause Global Warming? Essay

The warming of the Earth’s atmosphere is one of the most important environmental issues in the world today. The volatile climate and changes of heat in the atmosphere are connected with an increase of large amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It is often talked about that the primary reason why the global warming situation is increasing is due to the increase of the amount of greenhouse gases present in the Earth’s atmosphere, primarily the amount of carbon dioxide emissions. The increased carbon dioxide amount in the atmosphere that causes global warming is a cause of concern for many people because of its potential dangerous effects to the Earth and the environment. However, there are opposing arguments against this claim, and they refute that it is not accurate to mainly attribute the problem of global warming to the increasing carbon dioxide emission caused by the activities of humans. Audience My audience will be the one’s opposing the claim that carbon dioxide emissions cause global warming. The one’s opposing this claim believes that global warming is natural and the greenhouse gases do not cause global warming. That is true to some extent; however, if we did not build all of the industrial plants after the Industrial Revolution, which produces all of the carbon dioxide emissions global warming would not be as bad. To many scientists global warming refers to the observation that the Earth is warming, without any indication of what might be causing the warming of the atmosphere. This definition indicates that global warming can be due to various factors, and one of these reasons includes the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect, meanwhile, is a warming near the surface of the Earth that results whe... ...make our planet the only planet known to be habitable. I was able to use this book to better improve my reader’s knowledge of global warming and the effects of global warming. "What is Global Warming? - National Wildlife Federation." Home - National Wildlife Federation. National Wildlife Federation, n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. . This article defines global warming and talks about how it is happening now. The article also goes in depth of how global warming is caused by humans and the effects that global warming are causing. Another thing the article talks about is what we can do to solve the problem of global warming. This article helped me by explaining the reasons of global warming and also by telling me ways that the global warming issue can be fixed. Another reason the article helped was by explaining the different causes of global warming.

Infomercial Analyis

Insanity Infomercial The Beach Body Insanity program boasts as being the hardest workout on DVD. This comes across different than most programs offering to assist with weight loss and exercise. Most info commercials, today try to lure the consumers in by how easy the program is to follow and how effortless the workout is; and some even claim that a lifestyle change is not necessary. The Insanity program has people saying how hard this program is, that the program requires dedication and a decision to change your lifestyle.Incorporating the Insanity program into an individual’s lifestyle will take a commitment to make 45 minutes a day for the workout and to plan to eat healthy. Most people can make time for this workout; especially since it does not require any special equipment; you use your body as resistance, stretching and is a very high cardiovascular exercises. Whether you are in shape or a coach potato, this comes across as not for the faint at heart; not many programs t rying to sell it to someone trying to get in shape that people have thrown up on the first day.One of the benefits about Insanity is that there are DVDs, while there is a preplanned work out on a printed calendar to follow, can be customized to fit any fitness program by pausing the program or taking the necessary breaks one needs and to start back. Most people can stick to a program for 30 days, with this program it indicates that you will see results in that time frame; as well as seeing a body that would take most people a year to achieve in 60 days. This program seems to be expensive, with shipping and handling it cost $145. 0; if you take into account that a gym membership is $20. 00 a month, then the membership alone would $240. 00 for a year. To be able to achieve the results that the commercial states a physical trainer would need to set a workout program for most people at an additional cost. Taking the cost of a year’s membership at a local gym and a program that st ates you can see the same results in 60 days, the amount of time that would be saved this program is comparable and cheaper than other fitness programs.I believe that the Insanity program has truthfully presented the potential benefits of the program because it is not promising an easy fix. It clearly states that dedication and a commitment is necessary. It also comes across as not easy by offering a reward for completing the 60 day program. It also, discusses that a nutritional change is required. An alternative to Insanity would be a workout totaling 45 minute workout.I would recommend doing the following: * 1500-caloric intake diet high in protein and fiber; low in fat and sugar. * Exercising 6 days a week * High intensity exercises with less rest time 4 days. * Yoga the other 2 day. Making lifestyle changes and adding an exercise program is going to be hard and take dedication. Whether you decide to purchase a program from an infomercial, walk in your neighborhood or join a gym; it is important to just commit and allow room for error but make the necessary changes to have a healthier lifestyle.

Bridging the Gender Gap in Oil and Gas

1.0 Introduction For many countries, the extractive industry plays a major role as an economic driver, creating jobs, revenue and opportunities for development and growth. There are also social, economic and environmental risks associated with these industries which affect men and women differently. Research by the World Bank (2009) has indicated that men have the most access to the benefits of these industries, whilst women are more likely to suffer the consequences of the social and environmental harms associated therewith. The different experiences of men and women in these industries significantly affect the ability of women to contribute to active growth and development in their respective economies. The gender gap in the oil and gas industry exists in two separate forms, the first being the top-end employment discrimination where there is a lack of females at the higher end of the employment spectrum seeing very low numbers of female engineers, and science and technology employees (European Com mission, 2009). On the one hand this problem is a reflection of the imbalance of opportunities for adequate education, and on the other is what is referred to as the ‘leaky pipeline’ conundrum which describes the phenomenon of disproportionate numbers of women leaving these professions in each consecutive career stage in this industry. The second form of the gender gap is the very low numbers of female employees at the bottom end of the employment spectrum, that which requires lower education standards, but which may be more physically intensive. The World Bank reports (2009) that in most companies there is a female workforce of less than 10%, as these types of jobs are generally considered to be a ‘man’s job’. This is so because of the inherent physicality required in these work environments and the exposure to chemicals which presents a problem for female employees that are pregnant, meaning more time away from work and the inability to work if pre gnant. This research will consider the existence of the gender gap, the justifications therefore, the effects of the gap and recommendations for closing this gap in the industry in terms of ensuring that the opportunities for growth and development, both economic and social are equally accessible in modern oil and gas industry. 1.1 Background to Research 1.2 Significance of Research 1.3 Research Question & Research Objectives1.3.1 Research QuestionWhat is the extent of the gender gap in the oil and gas industry?1.3.2 Research ObjectivesTo determine the causes of the gender gap in the oil and gas industry. To determine the effect of the gender gap in the industry. To determine a succinct set of recommendations for companies in the industry, as well as regulatory authorities in order to close this gap moving towards equal employment opportunities in this industry. 1.4 Proposed Structure 2.0 Methodology The research is primarily a conceptual research dissertation that focuses on an extensive conceptualization, contextualization, evaluation, and analysis of the key issues relating to Corporate Social Responsibility in the oil and gas industry. A conceptual research employs an analytical framework that is based on â€Å"a set of broad theories and ideas that help the researcher to identify accurately the problem(s) they seek to address, frame their research questions appropriately, and locate appropriate literature on the research subject† (Smyth, 2004: 168). In using the conceptual research method, this research combines theoretical and analytical aspects in order to achieve its aims and objectives and provide pertinent answers to the research objectives. In light of the fact that conceptual research requires access to an extensive pool of resources, there is a great reliance on diverse sources of secondary materials for analysis. In this regard, some of the sources of seconda ry data for the research and analysis include electronic databases such as Questia, Jstor, Emerald Insight, and Google Scholar. Of specific interest are journals that focus on gender issues in extractive industries in general as these are analogous with the oil and gas sector, but particularly those that are based on the study and evolution of the gender gap in oil and gas companies, focusing on developing nations and the Gulf countries, as these represent compounded historical gender issues. 2.1 Qualitative Research 2.2 Content Analysis 2.3 Data Collection 2.4 Reliability and Validity of Research 2.5 Research Limitations 3.0 Literature Review 3.1 The Gender Gap in Developing versus Developed Countries3.1.1 Differences in Socio-economic problems3.1.2 The relevance of education in enforcing this gender gapIf one considers the vast differences in education priority placed in Gulf countries by comparison to African oil-economies such as Nigeria, one can see a very different picture of the relevance of education. On the one hand, Gulf countries are more likely to actively discriminate against female executive employees as there is a larger pool of adequately qualified female candidates, where in developing countries there are fewer qualified candidates, because of the lack of priority given to education and particularly education of females.3.1.3 The difference in the nature of the Gender Gap in different socio-economic conditions3.2 Cultural Sensitivities and Pragmatism In certain regions of oil and gas exploration, companies base their hiring discrimination on ‘cultural sensitivities’ where there is a concern for hiring women in higher-paying jobs would cause a backlash against women by their male colleagues (Musvoto, 2001). This has resulted in communities with soaring unemployment rates of up to 87% of women, despite the female demographic representing over half the local population. Particularly in developing countries, there is a trend towards rural-urban migration of the working population which often sees the breadwinner of a family leaving to work in an urban environment which perpetuates this gender gap by enforcing the role of the female as a caregiver rather than a breadwinner. In addition to these cultural sensitivities is a pragmatic approach taken by oil and gas companies which represents the bottom line in the sector in terms of cost implications. There is an argument to be made either way, with diversity goals becoming a secondary concern in favour of productivity and outcome. Male workers often have had greater educational opportunities and therefore less training and education is required, as well as less concern for factors of work-life balance. In the current economic climate, cost effective labour solutions are being of primary importance, particularly considering the growing importance of labour standards and quality of work environments which also present greater cost implications. On the other hand, studies have shown that in employment that is non-physical in nature women perform more productively and effectively, coupled with the barrier to private sector growth and development that employment discrimination breeds, increased female representation in the oil and gas sector may prove to be a more economical labour practice. Unfortunately however, despite evidence of long-term benefits of gender equality in the sector, companies choose short-term benefits which perpetuate and enforce this g ender gap.3.2.1 The broader socio-economic effect of the culturally enforced gender gapA theoretical expose on the broader socio-economic effects of the gender gap, e.g. continued lower education levels of women, perpetuated poverty for single parent households, lack of diversity in the workplace.3.2.2 The benefit of a diverse workplace3.2.3 Increased Issues with Work-Life Balance based on Gender3.3 Leaky Pipeline Anomaly and Evolution of Policy to Mitigate the Gender GapThere are a number of potential explanations for this anomalous situation of women in high end oil and gas jobs, one of which is the role of women in many societies as the primary caregiver of their families (United Nations, 2008). Therefore, as women progress through their careers there is a likelihood of their care responsibilities, as well as job responsibilities increasing proportionately and simultaneously, and as a result they are less able to meet the demands of higher level employment. Whilst certain industr y competitors have been recorded as saying that they attempt to incorporate individual career plans that take account of these increasingly personal responsibilities of employees (Al Tukmachy, 2012), the reality is a labyrinth of professional obstacles described as the ‘glass ceiling’ metaphor where female progression in the industry is limited due to concerns of increased need for consideration of factors of the work-life balance that are less present in their male counterparts (European Commission, 2009). As a result, women are often worked out of these executive and management positions, because companies offer incomprehensive policies that do not consider individual career and family outcomes (European Commission, 2009).3.3.1 Current Changes in Policy Direction to Increase Diversity and Retention of Female Staff – A corporate perspective 3.3.2 International Instruments Mandating Diversity in Oil and Gas MNEs4.0 Discussion 4.1 Analysis of the Gender Gap by Reg ion 4.2 Analysis of the Gender Gap by Employment Level4.2.1 Executive 4.2.2 Managerial 4.2.3 Non-managerial 4.2.4 Labour 4.2.5 Discussion 4.3 Current Examples of Corporate Policy for Non-Discriminatory Work Practices 4.3.1 Strengths 4.3.2 Weakness 4.4 Current Examples of Employment Schemes aimed at Female Inclusion in the Workplace 4.4.1 Strengths 4.4.2 Weaknesses5.0 Conclusion The gender gap in the oil and gas sector is very current and topical debate as gender equality in the workplace is becoming a diversity goal around the world. Careful understanding of the causes and effects thereof are imperative for the management of these companies and the greater macro-economic goals of development and growth. This research therefore aims to contribute to the current understanding of these goals in order to further the studies and make concrete recommendations in order to close this gap and further growth and development in the sector. 5.1 Recommendations 5.2 Conclusion References Al Munajjed, M. (2008) Women’s Employment in Saudi Arabia: A Major Challenge, Ideation Center Insight: Booz & Co Al Tukmachy, S. (2012) ‘Interview with Saba Al Tukmachy, Career Development Manager at ENOC’ Leaders of the Future Summit: Bridging the gap in oil and gas, 1 – 12 April 2012, Abu Dhabi: UAE Eftimie, A., Heller, K. & Strongman, J. (2009) Gender Dimensions of the Extractive Industries. The World Bank: Extractive Industries and Development Series European Commission (2009) Women in science and technology: Creating sustainable careers. EUR 23740 EN Musvoto, A. (2001) Gender and Mining: Community. Birnam Park: African Institute of Corporate Citizenship Smyth, R. (2004) â€Å"Exploring the usefulness of a conceptual framework as a research tool: A researcher’s reflection†, Issues in Educational Research, 14(2), 167-180. United Nations (2008) Equal sharing of responsibilities between women and men. United Nations Division for the Advanceme nt of Women. Expert Group Meeting, Geneva, 6-9 October, 2008